Purchasing Management Chemical Industry

Question: Talk about thePurchasing Managementfor Chemical Industry. Answer: Center Area of Chemical Industry Center region of substance industry is to fabricate quality synthetic items through the selection of complete quality administration as wanted for the items. Quality in this perspective methods nature of the completed merchandise which can be made distinctly through the use of legitimate crude materials. It is discovered that compound industry is depending of basic synthetic items which are utilized for creation. This zone requests appropriate choice of providers which are the piece of gracefully chain partners of any industry. This prerequisite demonstrates the sending of value providers who can guarantee legitimate crude materials with great quality as low quality crude materials can invalidate the point of creation of the completed products of compound industry. Providers of Chemical Industry The providers of any industry are the live wires of the nature of the completed items are concerned. It is frequently discovered that procedure of picking provider for any industry is the key factor of its prosperity. Explicitly for synthetic industry providers are the key factor of accomplishment, as well. As this industry is relying on the providers in enormous range in regard of value, time calendar, wellbeing and value intensity to guarantee long terms maintainability of the business, provider are picked with the thought of every one of these components. Accomplishment of Supplier-Qualitative Measure Nature of Product Provider in compound industry needs to concentrate on the issues of nature of item provided for creation process. It is discovered that acceptable nature of crude material ends up being instrumental with the end goal of completed merchandise which are enhanced in quality. Being the interior creation framework guaranteed by high specialized capacities, great crude materials can be the fundamental factor for quality liberation of synthetic industry. Ideal Delivery Providers are picked with accreditation of opportune redemption of request for crude materials. As the business is run with the goal of deals target which is eliminated through the period, appropriate calendar of crude materials redemption is most significant factor to guarantee smooth and continuous creation procedure of the business. Value Competitiveness Great provider should think of costs which ought to be serious. Cost of crude material is contributing straightforwardly to the expense of the creation. Serious cost of crude materials empower concoction industry to guarantee supportability in since quite a while ago run as this can control the cost of the completed merchandise. Wellbeing Wellbeing is the most significant issue identified with subjective achievement of any provider of concoction industry. It is regularly discovered that crude materials to concoction businesses are unsafe in nature with influencing the earth. Great provider ought to guarantee the wellbeing measure, especially with the distinctive perilous crude materials like acids and basic which might be instrumental to make damage to the clients. Security measure embraced by the provider is one of the fundamental rules while picking the provider to guarantee subjective redemption by the business. Reasonable and proficient providers consistently give appropriate accentuation on this issue to guarantee legitimate upkeep of worldwide condition which do the trick the motivation behind giving better world to the group of people yet to come. References: atkearney, 2010. Concoction Commodity Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.atkearney.in/records/10192/386181/Chemical_Commodity_Mgmt.pdf/7df9a79e-eb34-433d-9b0f-96e023de5275 [Accessed 08 February 2017]. Bedey, L. et al., 2009. Buying Management. Chalmers. Eldridge, B., 2012. Provider Management: Six Steps to Selecting the Right Supplier. [Online] Available at: https://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/magazine-archive1/augustseptember-2012/provider the board six-strides to-choosing the-right-provider/[Accessed 08 February 2017]. Murray, M., 2016. Quality In The Purchasing Process. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/quality-in-the-buying process-2221199 [Accessed 08 February 2017]. Oxalys, 2015. The buying answer for the pharmaceutical business. [Online] Available at: https://www.oxalys.com/buying pharmaceutical-industry.html [Accessed 08 February 2017]. Steinfeld, J., 2010. 4 Things You Must Consider When Choosing a Supplier. [Online] Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/4-things-you-must-consider-while picking a-provider/[Accessed 08 February 2017].

Reflection on Perceptions and Meaning of Health - Illness and Death

Question: Talk about theReflection on Perceptions and Meaning of Health, Illness and Death. Answer: Presentation Maggies story of expectation, recuperation, and mending in the wake of being engaged with an awful mishap clarifies the patients point of view on wellbeing and ailment. She had continued hip and spine wounds just as mind and lung wounds. The primary individual to react to the mishap scene was a volunteer fireman inside the principal hour of the event which appeared to Susan as the best thing to happen to her that has added to her being alive. She was traveled to an emergency clinic where she remained in a comma for a month. A while later, she got extraordinary sympathy and comprehension from relatives and companions as well as from the medicinal services suppliers and the general emergency clinic staff (www.youtube.com, 2013). This contributed a lot towards enthusiastic, mental and physical recuperation in the midst of gloom, uncertainty of ever recouping, and dread. Maggies story brought me blended sentiments of being sorry a for what she needed to experience and a feeling of motivation of the trust she had in human services suppliers. I think it is the obligation of care suppliers consistently to give consolation and any help to empower the patient to recover. Since most patients have a self-care shortfall, they in many occasions feel that their circumstance may deteriorate. Thus, the patient-nurture relationship ought to be given top need as it legitimately impacts the patients clinical experience. These sentiments provoked me to consider the enthusiastic effect medical caretakers have on their patients. One of the essential jobs of medical attendants is to relieve uneasiness in patients to advance physical recuperation. In this manner, the attendants are required to accomplish more than the characterized jobs by making a restorative relationship with the customer. This can be urging to the patient as it likewise advances quiet pride. Rather than what I had consistently known to be valid, patients have a more noteworthy trust in human services suppliers, and they ought to endeavor to keep up it by giving quality consideration. This consideration gave me an understanding of what patients experience and what are their desires from medical attendants in the circumstances that they are required to settle on hard decisions about their conditions. It is basic for medical attendants to move toward every circumstance while thinking about its uniqueness and tending to comprehensive needs of the customer, family, and family members (Burton Ludwig, 2014). Also, the reliance of patients on the consideration suppliers varies starting with one then onto the next, a propensity that is dictated by pre-created ways of dealing with stress. Recuperation is a huge accomplishment for a patient and accordingly attendants should show concern and enthusiasm to enable the patient to recapture wellbeing. References Burton, M., Ludwig, L. J. M. (2014).Fundamentals of nursing care: Concepts, Connections aptitudes. Philadelphia: Davis Company Www.youtube.com (2013, August 29).Maggies story of expectation, recuperation healingRetrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb0FwrZH2q4

A Note of Hope for Freshmen at Career Fair

A Note of Hope for Freshmen at Career Fair MIT’s (in)famous fall career fair is this coming Friday…which means campus is already gearing up for the mad rush for jobs and free goodies. People are lining up in Lobby 10 to collect their booklets and nametags; students are printing leaflets of resumes before the printers get tied up on Thursday evening; and companies are already staking out meeting rooms around campus to dispense food and swag to interested students. We even have a student holiday on Friday so people can focus on finding employment. It’s pretty crazy. Career fair is so intense, MIT publishes an entire bound magazine listing all the companies that are coming. This is my homework for Friday! It’s even crazier if you’re a first-semester freshman and you don’t know what business casual means, much less how to find a job. So for most freshmen, career fairs turn into a giant corporate scavenger hunt where you can stock up on assorted knickknacks like water bottles, pens, phone card-holders, and enough T-shirts to not have to do laundry until after finals week. :D A lot of this behavior is motivated by a sense of resignation. Common wisdom around MIT says that freshmen can’t get jobs at career fairs. I can’t emphasize this enough: this advice is NOT TRUE. Freshmen can and do find interesting, relevant summer jobs. If you put yourself out there, there is definitely a chance that someone will want to hire you! This is my friend Angela. She worked at EA Games  over the summer. Yes, she is a 2019!   Also, if youre wondering why shes holding a sign that says ABOUT, try to find her here  ;)   I was so jealous of my friend Helenshe was working at the ed-tech company  edX over the summer. And Kevin worked at Ori Systems in Boston, a design firm that makes transformable appliances/furniture for space-constrained urban housing! (Which looks super cool!) (Also if you havent seen his blog post on resume-writing yet, definitely check it out!) These are only a handful of the 2019s I know who ended up interning over the summer. Disclaimer: most of these people were working in Computer Scienceâ€"but I also know of people who found internships in Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace, and a variety of other fields! I was the last person I thought would get a summer job. I mean, I’d done some UROPs and taken some basic programming classes, but I’d never worked in a tech company before. But by spring of last year, I realized I really wanted to be in California for the summer. I wanted to spend time with my family, and I needed to get off-campus and out of town so that I wouldn’t start feeling burnt out before sophomore year even started. Problem was, I had to find something productive to do in Cali. In other words, I had to find a job. On the eve of xFair (MIT’s biggest spring career fair) I thumbed through the directory of companies and circled all the firms with offices in or near LA. I knew my chances of finding a job were pretty dismal, so I tried to compensate by talking to as many people I could. One of the people I talked to was the representative from PlayStation. He eventually called me back for a phone screening. That led to a Skype interview with a few members of a development team, and eventually I was offered a position as a front-end development intern in San Francisco. I was absolutely surprised and delighted. It was awesome. (See this blog post!) I learned a ton, got valuable experience, and had a great time. So basically my advice for freshmen would be: don’t sell yourself short! If you want a job, go for it. You get lucky when you open yourself to opportunities. Important tips for bluffing your way through a freshman-year career fair. Talk to people who you think won’t hire you. They might hire you! Talk to people who definitely won’t hire you. It’s really good practice. Career fair as a freshman can be overwhelming; it can be even worse if you’re a sophomore who actually needs to find a job and you don’t know how to approach company representatives. I’m so glad I got some practice at career fair last year. (Also, you never knowthey might hire you!) Don’t volunteer that you’re a freshman, and people actually might not notice! When I showed up to my summer job, my manager didn’t remember what year I was. My UROP supervisor didn’t ask what year I was all semester. :) Don’t turn down interviews!!! Coding or verbal. Even if you’re going to bomb them. Again, they’re great practice. Jobs aren’t everything. Swag is important too. ;) What I really mean is, don’t sweat it too much. Freshmen dont really need to find internships. Studying abroad is a great opportunity too and in some ways I regret that I didn’t do it. (But you should still practice talking to people.) Don’t sell yourself short. If someone wants to give you a shot, be ready to take it! Good luck!

Letter Of Credit International Trade - 1234 Words

Student name: Institution name: Course Instructor: International trade Letter of Credit (L/C) and a draft A letter of credit is a written pledge by a buyer’s or importer’s bank to the exporter or seller’s bank. The letter of credit guarantees payment of a particular sum of money in a specified currency, as long as the seller meets the specified conditions and presents the set documents within the agreed timeframe. The prescribed documents include commercial invoice, airway bill and certificate of origin. To institute a letter of credit favoring the seller, the buyer either makes an upfront payment of the specified sum or negotiates with the issuing bank. When the seller or agrees to use the letter of credit, the documents presented (airway bill, invoice and the certificate of origin) ought to be accompanied by a draft. A draft is an instrument used to demand payment. The draft is mainly a check representing the claim for payment, also known as the bill of exchange; it is drawn and signed by the seller (exporter). What is the major difference between â€Å"currency risk† and â€Å"risk of non-completion?† How are these risks handled in a typical international trade transaction? Currency risk is the possibility that the currency chosen for payment of the import fluctuates in value relative to the exchange currency. Take a case where a British firm exporting to France wants payment in pounds while the Importer (French) wants to make the payment in Euros. If the export contractShow MoreRelatedFitt Case Study872 Words   |  4 PagesFITTskills: International Trade Finance Sixth Edition Course Objectives †¢ Define and discuss the â€Å"Four Pillars† of trade finance— payment facilitation, risk management, financing and the provision of information related to a transaction †¢ Describe the impact of technology on trade finance †¢ Describe the major products and services related to trade finance, including the role and requirement of each party to a transaction †¢ Discuss the importance of export credit agenciesRead MoreA Letter Of Credit Analysis1493 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the ability of the importer’s payment under the international sale contract, the mechanism to reduce risk and fear is a letter of credit which the exporter will require the importer to arrange for the cost. A bank has an obligation under a letter of credit to pay an exporter the cost of commodities shipped by the exporter to the importer. 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Therefore as international business continues to evolve companies are find easier ways to find importers and exporters from the comfort of their offices without the costly methods of travel and due diligences trying to find reputable companies to handle their needs. Using a variety of sources I will analyze international trade through the use of websites and go into detail about

CDM Regulations

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5349 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Effect of the Cdm Regulations on Accident Statistics within the UK The implementation of the CDM regulations under the CDM Co-ordinators. Abstract Health and safety in the construction industry has experienced considerable research over the last few decades in order to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities within the construction industry. Health and safety practices such as the HSC that introduced the CDM regulations in 1994 and the current revised regulations introduced in 2007 are perceived to provide numerous benefits in maintaining a safer industry. With approximately 7%-8% of employment within the UK involved in the construction industry and an estimated 8% of the UKs GDP it is important to do so. There is a growing importance due to the high rate of employment in the construction industry to provide a detailed set of safety regulations known as the CDM regulations that everyone involved with construction must follow. As a result of this many organisations such as the HSC, have initiated targets to ensure that the health and safety on sites improves dramatically, and to encourage the government to formulate officia l targets to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries by a certain date. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "CDM Regulations | Construction Dissertations" essay for you Create order However, although the CDM regulations 1994 did have a positive effect on the health and safety in the industry there was still areas of concern within the regulations that professionals were unsure of who carried out different roles and the fact that the rate of fatalities and injuries was not decreasing significantly enough, this was the reason for the review of the CDM regulations 1994 and the implementation of the new CDM regulations 2007 which is designed to provide a clearer background into construction HS. Using a sample group methodology, and acknowledging specifically the principal contractor, this study aims to assess whether the HSC can achieve its aim of reducing the number of fatalities and injuries by 10% in the UK by 2010 and ultimately assess whether or not the CDM regulations make a significant difference to HS statistics. This will be reviewed by looking at the implementation techniques used by the PCs on site and develop a framework to provide the best technique in which to do so. Chapter One: Introduction This chapter introduces the principal aim of the study, in addition to the proposed objectives and research questions. Introduction The construction industry has had HS regulations in place known as the CDM regulations for a number of years now which have recently been renewed. The CDM regulations have application to a majority of construction projects undertaken in the UK which provide the industry with specific standards involving HS that are considered acceptable to the government and alternatively, to the construction worker. The latest regulations represent an important trend towards the paternalistic intervention of the government in relation to health and safety. Historically, the ambit of health and safety on site was left to the individual company; this was due to the requirements of the Conservative governments, and if things went wrong it was up to the individual to cope. This tendency has developed during the twentieth century with great attention in recent years of government focus in developing the HS of the construction worker. 2.2 million (1 in 14) People work in Britains construction industry, making it the countrys biggest industry, but it accounts for 16% of major accidents and 25% of fatal injuries. It is has also been acknowledged that for a number of years in the UK it has been one of the most dangerous industries to be employed in. In the last 25 years, over 2,800 people have died from injuries they received as a result of construction work. Many more have been injured or made ill. HSE deals with all aspects of construction work in England, Scotland and Wales. In 2006-2007 alone there were 77 fatal injuries to workers in the construction industry, this was a 28% increase to the 59 in 2005-2006. The 77 fatalities in the construction industry during 2006-2007 accounted for 32% of all worker deaths. The rate of fatal injury to workers per hundred thousand rose to 3.7 in 2006-2007 compared to that of 3.0 in 2005-2006. In providing these statistics relatively closely to the date the fatality occurred, this means many cases are still under investigation. Consequently, these figures are highly provisional, and may be subject to revision as more relevant information becomes available. * The term Workers includes employees and the self-employed combined. RIDDOR (The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995) is the primary determinant as to whether a fatal accident is included in these figures or not. Improvements regarding the Health and Safety in the construction industry are urgently needed as it remains a disproportionately dangerous industry which is important not only for the people involved in the industry but also for the expected 2-3% growth within the next 5 years. The improvements require significant and permanent changes in duty holder attitudes and behaviour. Since the original CDM Regulations were introduced in 1994, concerns were raised that their complexity and the bureaucratic approach of many duty holders frustrated the Regulations underlying health and safety objectives. These views were supported by an industry-wide consultation in 2002 which resulted in the decision to revise the Regulations. The new CDM 2007 Regulations revise and bring together the CDM Regulations 1994 and the Construction (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 into a single regulatory package known as the CDM regulations 2007. The health and safety process has always been a much talked about topic within England and Wales every since the first CDM regulations were launched in 1994. The need to reform this process has been highlighted by research carried out by the health and safety executive which shows that there is need for improvement in the implementation of these regulations which is the main reason for the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007. The research shows that: These have been developed in close consultation with construction industry stakeholders. The proposal for the CDM 2007 aims to: simplify the Regulations to improve clarity and make it easier for everyone to know what is expected of them; maximise their flexibility to fit with the vast range of contractual arrangements; focus on planning and management, rather than the plan and other paperwork; encourage co-ordination and co-operation, particularly between designers and contractors; and Simplify the assessment of the competence of organisation. The Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) has special legal status and gives practical advice for all those involved in construction work. If you follow the advice in the ACoP you will be doing enough to comply with the law in respect of those specific matters on which it gives advice. The ACoP which includes a copy of the CDM regulations explains: The legal duties placed on clients, CDM co-ordinators, designers, principal contractors, contractors, self-employed and workers. The circumstances in which domestic clients do not have duties under CDM 2007 (but that the regulations still apply to those doing work for them). Gives information on the new role of CDM co-ordinator a key project adviser for clients and responsible for coordinating the arrangements for health and safety during the planning phase of larger and more complex projects. Which construction projects need to be notified to HSE before work starts and gives information on how this should be done. How to assess the competence of organisations and individuals involved in construction work. How to improve co-operation and co-ordination between all those involved in the construction project and with the workforce. What essential information needs to be recorded in construction health and safety plans and files, as well as what shouldnt be included. Rationale for the Research The subject of this dissertation developed from a personal interest in the Health and Safety aspect of the construction industry and the significant research within the industry on how to minimise the injuries and fatalities on site. Most of this research has concentrated on the best ways to improve the implementation process of the CDM regulations 2007, whether the changes are necessary from the CDM regulations 1994 and in terms of whether these changes have brought about the desired results and effect on the industry that it intended I.e. have the CDM regulations brought about an improvement in the safety of site work with regards to a clearer, faster and easier process of implementation. Having looked at a wide range of literature and internet sites on the CDM regulations it is clear to me that there was evidence that the introduction of the CDM regulations was regarded by professionals as advantageous to the industry, however there are certain people that believe it has been less effective than it should have been on the industry. Although people have highlighted problems with the CDM regulations it is definitely an introduction by the government that is here to stay. This consideration has led me to undertake research into whether the new legislation has been implemented successfully and whether the changes are necessary. This was implemented under the research title; the implementation of the CDM regulations under the CDM co-ordinators. The CDM regulations have the potential to make a significant impact on the industry with regards to health and safety however it is unrealistic to think that this can be achieved very quickly without encountering any problems in an area which has had much debate regarding this topic. It will take time before the new legislation will be free flowing however improvements in both effectiveness and efficiency can be expected as lessons are learnt. E.g. more home CDM co-ordinators becoming qualified. The following information in this chapter gives further details about the principle objectives for this research topic. Aim As a result the fundamental aim of this study is to determine whether the Health and Safety Commissions aim is achievable and thus, determine whether there is a foreseeable optimistic future for the reduction of accidents within the construction industry. The overall aim of the project is to produce a coherent document which catalogues, in which detail the impacts which the CDM regulations have had upon the construction industry and which encapsulates some original, primary research. Objectives This aim will be investigated through a series of key objectives: To provide an understanding on the CDM regulations, evaluating the need, efficiency and reliability of them; To establish different professions understanding of the CDM regulations; To establish the application of the CDM regulations at both organisational level and implementation of the CDM regulations; To determine whether there is a foreseeable optimistic future for the reduction of accidents within the construction industry; To examine, compare and contrast the perceptions of construction professionals in order to determine whether the number of accidents on construction sites are likely to significantly decrease in the next five years; To assess whether the construction professionals are sufficiently protected by the CDM regulations and identify any implementing techniques that aid, or otherwise, the CDM regulations. The study will follow with a review of current literature regarding the effectiveness of the CDM regulations, and a description of the methodology used in order to collect and analyse the results of the data collected. The outcome of the findings will be discussed and conclusions will be made incorporating both limitations of the study and recommendations for future research. Outline Research Methodology My research topic has incorporated two research approaches in order to collect information which were the following: secondary data collection and fieldwork research. Secondary data collection This form of research refers to the desk study approach where data is obtained from sources that cite from primary sources. This method had been used to achieve the first, fourth and fifth objectives. These sources will be critically appraised by means of a systematic literature review which will cover textbooks, newspaper articles, research journals, thesis, reports, trade publications, etc. Fieldwork research This form of research refers to the methods of primary data collection which can take the form of a number of practical approaches. This method of research was accomplished to utilise objectives two and three. The selected method for this thesis will be a structured survey approach in the form of personal interviews and a questionnaire. This method was selected as it is the best form of gathering data from a large number of respondents in a relatively short time frame. The interviews and questionnaires will adopt a semi structured format, employing mainly open questions to gather the data. The research method is a way in which the research objective can be questioned and achieved. Throughout my research I will be using a number of core sources of references such as the books, the internet, newspapers, companies, journals and questionnaires in order to carry out my objectives. I will decide upon the most appropriate research strategy which can be carried out in two ways depending on the purpose of the study and the type and availability of the information required. These two methods can be classified as Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative research can be defined as objective in nature. It involves the description or analysis of statistical procedures that involves specific measurements of variables to determine whether a theory holds true. Qualitative research on the other hand can be defined as subjective in nature. It does not involve the use of specific variables, but relies on reasons behind various aspects of data. It emphasises the means, experiences and di fferent descriptions of topics from different authors points of view. Chapter Two: Literature Review Introduction This chapter is intended to critically appraise issues and statements identified by the literature review and ascertain the industries, practitioners and authors opinions of the progress, implementation and success of the CDM regulations. A wide range of key literature from sources such as research journals, refereed conferences, thesis, textbooks, reports, trade publications and newspaper articles on this research topic were reviewed, analysed and appraised of their strengths and weaknesses. To best demonstrate these perceptions the author has chosen to break the critical appraisal into the following sub-headings; Cost of Implementation, Health and Safety Training, Additional Paperwork, Success of CDM. In doing so, it is anticipated that some individuals connected with the construction industry will be interviewed and their views on the success or failure of the CDM regulations on the construction industry. It is anticipated that these views will be assessed in conjunction with valid information gathered in relation to the CDM regulations and how they have developed within the UK in recent years. There will also be an assessment of how the CDM regulations could be improved upon, and how the project has contributed to this assessment. Chapter Three: CDM Regulations 2007 3.0 CDM Regulations 2007 The new Construction (Design and Management) Regulations were brought into place on the 6th April 2007 in order to consolidate the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 as well as the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 into one regulatory package. In order to help achieve the implementation of this new process the supporting guidance for these regulations has been revised with the aid of a new approved code of practice available to assist each professional with their individual duties under the CDM regulations 2007. https://www.martineau-johnson.co.uk/publication_event/updates/CDM%20regulations%202007%20Flyer%20April.pdf It is necessary for all professionals involved in the construction industry to be aware of the new CDM regulations 2007 as they apply to all construction work. The aims of these regulations are to: Improve health and safety within the construction industry; Ensure that there are the right people for the right job at the right time to manage the potential risks on site; To focus on effective planning and managing risk manage the risk not the paperwork. 3.1 The Client A client can be described as an individual or organisation who in the course or furtherance of a business has a construction project carried out by another or himself, this however excludes domestic clients but not domestic premises. A domestic client is someone who lives or will live, in the premises where the work is carried out. The roles of the client under the new CDM regulations 2007 are similar to that of the 1994 regulations however they have been given a higher profile with emphasis on providing the construction team is provided with strong leadership and ensure that the client is responsible for their influence on the HS of people working on, or affected by the project. It is the role of the client under the CDM regulations to appoint a CDM coordinator and a principal contractor on all notifiable projects in order to advise and co-ordinate activities. It is the responsibility of the client to carry out a number of duties on all projects: Must check all appointees competence and resources using the ACoP competence criteria; Must also ensure that enough time and resource is provided to allow the project to be delivered safely, what you want, when you want it and on budget; Provide key information to contractors and designers; Ensure everyone involved with the project co-operate and co-ordinate their activities; Establish a competent project team as soon as possible to ensure the project is safe to build, safe to use, safe to maintain and deliver good value; Ensure suitable management arrangements are in place; Ensure adequate welfare facilities are on site; Ensure workplaces are designed correctly which should comply with the WHSW. On all notifiable projects the clients must carry out the above duties as well as: They must appoint a competent CDM Co-ordinator and provide them with key information; They must appoint a competent principal contractor; Ensure that there are suitable welfare facilities provided on site as well as a construction phase health and safety plan has been produced before the construction phase can start; Retain and provide access to the HS file as well as revise it with any new information; It is not the responsibility of the client to audit or supervise the work on site. In order for the client to explain their management arrangements then they may ask their project team or contractors to do this for them. For small projects where contractors employ less than 5 people then demonstrating management arrangements may be in the form of an oral briefing rather than have everything in writing. The client must perform simple checks regularly to ensure their management arrangements are being followed which include there is adequate protection for workers and the public on site, ensuring that there is good co-operation and communication between the contractors and the designers. They must also ask the contractors to confirm that the arrangements they agreed upon have been implemented. 3.2 The Coordinator The person appointed to advise and assist the client on how to comply with the CDM Regulations during the project, and to ensure that suitable arrangements are made and implemented for the co-ordination of health and safety measures during planning and preparation for the construction phase. The CDM coordinators replaced the role of the Planning Supervisor under the CDM regulations 1994 and are only appointed on notifiable contracts but this appointment must be made early. This role has been changed due to the overall consideration that the Planning Supervisor has not been a success with more expectation placed on the new role of the coordinator. The main aim of the coordinator is to act to reduce risks during the construction process rather than to generate unnecessary paperwork. The CDM coordinator has the responsibility to carry out a number of Duties during the project: Advise the client about selecting competent designers and contractors; Help identify what information will be needed by designers and contractors; Co-ordinate the arrangements for health and safety of planning and design work; Ensure that HSE is notified of the project (unless a domestic client); Advise on the suitability of the initial construction phase plan; Prepare a health and safety file (information for the client to enable future cleaning, maintenance and alterations to be carried out safely) You are the key advisor to the client and the catalyst for effective communication and co-ordination throughout the project A CDM coordinators role can be filled by anybody, however they must fulfil the competence requirements given in the ACoP, if no appointment has been made then it is generally the client who will carry out this role. 3.3 The Designer A designers duties under the CDM regulations applies to all construction work including domestic projects as well as non-notifiable ones. A designer can be described as someone that carries out the design process or specifies building work I.e. makes any project related decision, which therefore means there are a wide number of parties that can fall under this profession, such as Design and construction contractors, civil and structural engineers, clients who specify, etc. A designer has the responsibility to carry out their duties on all projects involving construction work. This includes: Making sure that the Client is aware of his duties; Making sure the client is adequately resourced and competent to carry out their own duties such as the health and safety issues that are involved with the design of a project; Provide substantial information about any potential risks that may be associated with the design that can be put in the health and safety file; Coordinating their work with others in order to improve the way potential risks are managed and controlled; Co-operate with others such as CDM Co-ordinators and the Principal Contractor; Avoiding foreseeable risks during the design work for people involved on the current and future uses of the structure. They should also eliminate hazards and risks associated with those hazards that remain. The most important role for a competent designer is to eliminate the hazards and reduce risks. 3.4 The Principal Contractor The changes in the CDM regulations have brought little change to the duties of the principal contractor. An early appointment of a principal contractor by the client is necessary on all notifiable projects. The principal contractor must ensure that everyone they appoint such as sub-contractors as competent. The main aim of the PC is to ensure that the construction phase is properly planned, managed, monitored and resourced. The principal contractor has a number of duties that must be carried out throughput the project: Inform contractors of the minimum time allowed for planning and preparation Provide relevant information to contractors Ensure safe working, co-ordination and co-operation between contractors Construction phase health and safety plan is prepared and implemented Plan needs to set out the organisation and arrangements for managing risk and co-ordinating work Plan should be tailored to the particular project and risks involved Suitable welfare from the start Prepare and enforce site rules as required Give reasonable direction to contractors including client appointed contractors Prevent unauthorised entry Provide plan to those who need it Promptly provide the CDM co-ordinator with information for the file Liaise with CDM co-ordinator in relation to design and design changes Ensure all workers have been provided with suitable health and safety induction, information and training Ensure the workforce is consulted about health and safety matters Display key project information to workers It is not the responsibility of the PC to provide training for workers they do no employ however contractors do. Neither do they have to undertake detailed supervision of contractors work. The construction phase plan must only be filled in with relevant information rather then endless generic paperwork. Other Contractors Sub Contractors are present on all projects not just notifiable ones. They are unable to start work on a construction site until they have obtained the pre construction information necessary from the client or PC. The sub contractors must manage their own work to make sure that their workers are safe as well as ensuring that hey and those they appoint are completely competent and adequately resourced. On all projects they must: Inform any contractor that they engage, of the minimum amount of time they have for planning and preparation Provide their workers (whether employed or self-employed) with any necessary information and training and induction Report anything that they are aware of that is likely to endanger the HS of themselves or others Ensure that any design work they do complies with CDM design duties Comply with the duties for site health and safety Co-operate and co-ordinate with others working on the project Consult the workforce Not begin work unless they have taken reasonable steps to prevent unauthorised access to the site Obtain specialist advice (e.g. from a structural engineer or occupational hygienist) where necessary On notifiable projects they must: Check that a CDM co-ordinator has been appointed and HSE notified before they start work Co-operate with the principal contractor, CDM co-ordinator and others working on the project Tell the principal contractor about risks to others created by their work Comply with any reasonable directions from the principal contractor Work in accordance with the construction phase plan Inform the principal contractor of the identity of any contractor he appoints or engages Inform the principal contractor of any problems with the plan or risks identified during their work that have significant implications for the management of the project Inform the principal contractor about any death, injury, condition or dangerous occurrence Provide information for the health and safety file Chapter Four: Methodology This chapter discusses the different methodological approaches for this study. Detailed accounts of the specific research strategies are also examined, highlighting the methods used to analyse and interpret the data collected. Finally, the location of the study and methodological restrictions are also considered. Comparative data can be collected in various forms, these being experimental, commercial and official data. Experimental data was chosen because it is derived from real life situations, and this was essential giving the fundamental aim of assessing the future of the CDM regulations. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that the reliability of experimental data is largely dependant on the willingness and honesty of the professional to participate (Morris et al., 2001). Research Strategies In order to explore the main perceptions and attitudes of principal contractors, a self completition postal questionnaire was decided on rather than a telephone survey or an interview survey primarily because it was Christmas time during the main period of data collection, and so it was assumed many construction workers would be on their Christmas break and would not be available for an interview or present in the office for a telephone inquiry. The idea behind the postal questionnaire was that they could complete it and send it back whenever they had time. Questionnaires are an indispensable tool when primary data is required about people, their behaviour, attitudes, opinions and awareness of specific issues. The questionnaires were enclosed with a self addressed envelope, intending to speed up and ensure the return of the questionnaires. One potential problem with the questionnaires was that they might not be filled out by the right person. Twenty principal contractors were randomly selected from a list of construction companies in the counties of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, provided by the yellow pages. Each company was contacted by telephone to explain the basis of the study find out who to send it to, and gain his or her agreement to participate. A tick box at the bottom of every questionnaire gave the farmer the choice of whether or not they wanted to be contacted again, in the hope of setting up a number of interviews. The questionnaire design was of a semi-qualitative design, as the questionnaires incorporated a number of open and closed questions. The closed questions differed between multiple choices, dichotomous, likert, categorical and scaled questions. Although, open questions can be more difficult to understand and are perhaps harder to analyse than closed questions, it was important to include them in the questionnaire to gain a deeper understanding of the principal contractors views and perceptions. This was essential as open questions can lead to areas of discussion for proceeding interviews and furthermore, open questions allow more freedom to the respondent, and are less encumbered by a prepared set of possible replies (Oppenheim, 1986). The design of the questionnaire consisted of 14 questions, laid out in a simplistic manner so as not to confuse the reader. The questionnaire had 3 or 4 background questions to start. Commands such as please tick were highlighted in bold. Questionnaire examples can be seen in Appendix 1. A pilot questionnaire was given to some local construction workers in my village, and although no major problems appeared evident, it was clear that some older farmers did not fully understand the concept of sustainability, and so in the real questionnaires a definition of sustainability was included. Secondary Data A review of the current literature on the principal contractors was essential for this study in order to assess the current perspectives and opinions. Data Analysis and Interpretation The analysis of the questionnaires, interviews and literature on the CDM regulations will be in the form of statistical analysis and discourse analysis. Analysis of the data from the questionnaire will be compare and contrast in order to identify trends, similarities and differences. The majority of my findings will be presented visually in graphical and statistical formats; in contrast much of the data analysis from the open questions will be purely descriptive. Discourse analysis can be seen as an, interpretive and deconstructing research tool. Although it does not provide definite answers, it provides the researcher with useful insights, knowledge and conditions behind a specific problem (University of Texas, Information School, 2005). The quantitative data from the questionnaires will be interpreted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). All the data from the closed questions will be coded in excel and then imported in to SPSS. SPSS was chosen because of its ability to effectively synthesise and correlate non-parametric quantitative data. Specific tests such as Chi-squared and Spearmans rank were used in order to investigate any statistical significance of relationship between different variables and hypothesis such as larger construction companies are more likely to have a fatal injury. Methodological Considerations There are certain considerations that must be made in relation to the methodology of this study. Firstly, s already mentioned it was intended that a number of interviews were to be arranged with principal contractors. However due to the length of time it took to actually make contact with farmers and for them to agree to the postal survey and return the questionnaires there was not enough time left of the holiday period to conduct any interviews. Finally, in order to protect the anonymity and confidentiality of the professional who participated in this study, all the names of the PCs have been changed. Chapter Five: Results, Analysis and Discussion This section presents and analyses the data collected from this study, identifying similarities and differences with previous work and discussing the relevance of this in relation to the aims and objectives of this study. Although presented together, the results and discussion will be divided into chapters analysing objective 1, objective 2 and objective 3. The following chapter will present the conclusions of this study, highlighting limitations of the study, recommendations for developing the effectiveness of the health and safety regulations and recommendations for future research. Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations Bibliographies Oppenheim, A (1986) Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measurement, Gower Publishing Company, London. University of Teas Information School (2005) (Internet) Available from: https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/discourse.htm (Accessed: 19th March 2008) www.pickatrail.com(2006) (Internet) Available from: https://www.pickatrail.com/jupiter/location/europe/england/oxfordshire.html (Accessed: 21st March 2008) https://www.citb-constructionskills.co.uk/healthsafety/cdmregulations/guidance/cdmcoordinators.asp https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/industry/construction.htm List of Abbreviations HSC The Health and Safety Commission HSE The Health and Safety Executive CDM Construction (Design and Management) Regulations UK United Kingdom WHSW Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 PFI Public Finance Initiative PPP Public Private Partnerships CPP Construction Phase Plan HSF The Health and Safety File RIDDOR The reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations 1995 GDP Gross Domestic Product Subbies Sub-Contractors

Lymphatics Webquest Free Essays

Lymphatics web quest Suggested site- www. cdc. gov, feel free to use other reliable sites as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Lymphatics Webquest or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. What animal can transmit Cryptococcus? Wild birds like pigeons. 2. Can dogs and cats get Cryptococcus? Yes 3. What is the infectious agent for Bubonic Plague? Yersinia pestis 4. By how much was the world population reduced during the Plague pandemic? About 450 million to between 350 and 375 million. 5. What year (within the past 100 years) did the world experience a flu pandemic? 1918 6. What are 3 symptoms of chikungunya fever? Fever, vomiting, nausea, head ache, and joint pain. 7. What bacterium causes Lyme’s disease? Borrelia 8. What is ‘erythema migrans? ’ A rash often seen in the early stage of Lyme disease 9. Find a disease transmitted by rabbits and list 2 symptoms. Tularemia it gives you sweats and fever. 10. What are symptoms of guinea worm disease? There are usually no symptoms until about a year after infection. Before the worm comes out the person may develop a fever, swelling, and pain in the area. 1. How long can a guinea worm grow? Adults are about 2-3 feet long. 12. Describe lymphocytic filariasis. A parasitic disease caused by the African eye worm. The adult worm can only live in the human lymph system. 13. On what day of the year does world TB day occur? March 24th 14. How do seasonal, avian, and pandemic flu outbreaks differ? Seasonal flu follows predictable patterns. Pandemic flu is very rare. Avian flu is a virus with the pote ntial to become a pandemic. 5. What childhood diseases does the CDC recommend children to be vaccinated against? Chickenpox, Flu, and measles 16. Find one type of cancer caused by a virus. Cervical cancer 17. What is the cause of rheumatic fever? Rheumatic fever can occur after an infection of the throat with a bacterium called streptococcus phogenes. 18. List 1 disease caused by a fungus. Histoplasmosis 19. What is a telltale symptom of whooping cough? Coughing making a whooping sound. How to cite Lymphatics Webquest, Essay examples Lymphatics Webquest Free Essays Lymphatics web quest Suggested site- www. cdc. gov, feel free to use other reliable sites as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Lymphatics Webquest or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. What animal can transmit Cryptococcus? Wild birds like pigeons. 2. Can dogs and cats get Cryptococcus? Yes 3. What is the infectious agent for Bubonic Plague? Yersinia pestis 4. By how much was the world population reduced during the Plague pandemic? About 450 million to between 350 and 375 million. 5. What year (within the past 100 years) did the world experience a flu pandemic? 1918 6. What are 3 symptoms of chikungunya fever? Fever, vomiting, nausea, head ache, and joint pain. 7. What bacterium causes Lyme’s disease? Borrelia 8. What is ‘erythema migrans? ’ A rash often seen in the early stage of Lyme disease 9. Find a disease transmitted by rabbits and list 2 symptoms. Tularemia it gives you sweats and fever. 10. What are symptoms of guinea worm disease? There are usually no symptoms until about a year after infection. Before the worm comes out the person may develop a fever, swelling, and pain in the area. 1. How long can a guinea worm grow? Adults are about 2-3 feet long. 12. Describe lymphocytic filariasis. A parasitic disease caused by the African eye worm. The adult worm can only live in the human lymph system. 13. On what day of the year does world TB day occur? March 24th 14. How do seasonal, avian, and pandemic flu outbreaks differ? Seasonal flu follows predictable patterns. Pandemic flu is very rare. Avian flu is a virus with the pote ntial to become a pandemic. 5. What childhood diseases does the CDC recommend children to be vaccinated against? Chickenpox, Flu, and measles 16. Find one type of cancer caused by a virus. Cervical cancer 17. What is the cause of rheumatic fever? Rheumatic fever can occur after an infection of the throat with a bacterium called streptococcus phogenes. 18. List 1 disease caused by a fungus. Histoplasmosis 19. What is a telltale symptom of whooping cough? Coughing making a whooping sound. How to cite Lymphatics Webquest, Papers

Education and Equality free essay sample

This article discusses various lawsuits filed as advocates try to advance the cause of equal funding for education in the U. S. Demetrio Rodriguez began his fight for reform in 1969 as the chief plaintiff in a suit against the Edgewood Independent School District in San Antonio, Texas. In that year, he and a group of parents filed suit to protest the lack of funding for the schools their children attended. Appealing the decision in favor of the district, they took their case to the U. S. Supreme Court in 1973. The case became a rallying point for school reform across the country. In the ears following the filing of the suit, their battle cry is a simple one: the inequalities in funding between public school systems must be eliminated if quality education for all is to be guaranteed. Lawsuits filed throughout the U. S. are meeting with a margin of success as they try to advance the cause of equal funding for education. Charging that states fail to provide a school system that offers proper instruction, the suits are forcing state governments to reconsider public school funding. While Ohio faces a complete overhaul of the school funding system, other states face the challenge of apital funding for the construction of new schools. The most visible element of the issue, have become the focus of many court battles, most notably that of Arizona. Demetrio Rodriguez sits in his San Antonio, Texas, nome surrounded by memories. Certificates and photos chart the 25 years Rodriguez has spent fighting the cause of school finance reform. From state capitols to popular talk shows, he has become a strong voice behind the movement to improve the nations schools. Rodriguez began his fght for reform in 1969 as the chief plaintiff in a suit against the Edgewood Independent School District in San Antonio. In that year, he and a group of parents filed suit to protest the lack of funding for the schools their children attended. Appealing the decision in favor of the district, they took their case to the U. S. Supreme Court in 1973. In San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U. S. 1 (1973), the court ruled in a 5-4 decision that education was not a fundamental right under the federal constitution and that students did not have the right to attend schools funded on the same level as a nearby wealthier district. The case became a rallying point for school reform across the country. In the years following Rodriguez, parents and advocates have filed suit in over 30 states. Their battle cry is a simple one: The inequalities in funding between public school systems must be eliminated if quality education for all is to be guaranteed. Gains have been made. Litigation in Rodriguezs home state of Texas prompted the creation of Robin Hood laws that reallocate funding from higher to lower income school districts. But change is hard to notice at the Edgewood school located across the street from Rodriguezs home. The kids who attend school in my district still have classrooms in portable uildings, he said. Many times teachers are forced to buy crayons and other supplies out of their own pockets. Rodriguez added that while conditions have changed, great disparities still exist. These kids have an improved opportunity to get a proper education, but we have a long way to go. Currently in the state of Texas a $20,000 gap exists in the amount of funding per classroom between the richest and poorest school districts. The Robin Hood laws, which have helped create some gains, are now threatened with elimination by a tax bill being considered in the state legislature. Indeed, Rodriguez, now a grandfather, still has a long way to go in his fght for change. l have great hopes for my grandchildren, he said. But we are still going to have to come up with solutions for these issues if we want to ensure their future. The fght to ensure such a future is gaining support from distinct sectors of American society. From Arizona to New Jersey, groups including attorneys, business representatives and teachers are Joining forces. Like Rodriguez, many are turning to the state courts in an effort create change in their communities. Decisions for Change Lawsuits filed throughout the United States are meeting with a margin of success as they try to advance the cause of equal funding for education. Charging that states fail to provide a school system that offers proper instruction, the suits are forcing state governments to reconsider public school funding. In Abbott v. Burke, M-622-96, the New Jersey Supreme Court decided in May that the legislature must close existing gaps between the poorest and richest school districts in the state by September of this year. The 5 to 1 decision is a final win for a court battle that began in 1985. David Sciarra, attorney for the plaintiffs, said the suit challenged existing legislation that leaves a 000 per pupil gap in tunding. Not only do the current laws not eliminate the gap, but they actually allow it to grow in future budgets, he said. Under the present regulation, the urban districts will only be given funding to maintain a foundation level while suburban districts will be allowed to grow. The disparities will actually remain and widen, he continued. The decision ordered New Jersey to provide funding for future growth over foundation levels. In addition, it andated that poor districts be provided funding for supplemental programs. Supplemental programs, according to Sciarra, will help bring students up to the levels of their counterparts in wealthier districts. We are not satisfied with a 10 percent gap, he commented. We want to get funding to a point where schools are comparable in terms of programs and facilities available. While New Jersey attempts to close the final gap, other states continue to follow their lead. In a similar decision, the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled in March of this year that the current system of state funding was unconstitutional. The 4-3 decision in DeRolph v. State of Ohio, 78 Ohio State 3d 193, stated that the system violated the state constitution by not providing a thorough and efficient system of common schools. It overruled a previous 1979 decision that ruled that the funding system was constitutional. According to the majority opinion, the allocation formula and other school funding factors have caused or permitted vast wealth disparities among schools, depriving students in 500 public school districts of high quality educational opportunities. Nicholas Pittner, chief counsel for the plaintiff, noted the circumstances surrounding he case had a great impact on the decision. Some of these schools are extremely dark and dangerous, he said. The inadequacies reached such an extent that they were impressive enough to sway the decision of the court. The court ruled that the state has a year to come up with a new system to fund the education of Ohios 1. 8 million students. The remedy for the now unconstitutional system rests with a committee consisting of the governor, members of the state legislature, the state superintendent of public instruction and the budget director. Experts in the case say they expect some form of action on the issue this fall. Rick Dickinson, general counsel for the Ohio School Boards Association, said over reliance on property taxes was cited by the court as a contributing factor to the failure of the system. Local property taxes could be part of the new funding system, but not the total source of revenue, he explained. While Ohio faces a complete overhaul of the school funding system, other states face the challenge of capital funding for the construction of new schools. The most visible element of the issue, old and poorly maintained buildings, have become the focus of many court battles, most notably that of Arizona. After three years of litigation, the state faces its fourth suit in a search to fund the replacement of aging school buildings. Still lacking basic facilities, many schools in Arizonas poor districts require major renovations to bring them up to code. A 1994 decision from the Arizona Supreme Court ruled the states funding formula unconstitutional. In Roosevelt v Bishop, 877 P. d 806 (1994), the court ruled the state funding formula unconstitutional and mandated that the state government come up with a new formula. Later decisions gave the state a deadline of the summer of 1998 to resolve the issue. Plaintiffs say $1 billion will be needed. The legislature has offered $370 million over the next 10 years and $32 million in perpetuity to poor school districts. Fite Symington nas as ed k the courts to rule the otter sufficient to resolve t he issue. Opponents contend the amount will not begin to keep up with growth in the states schools. Tim Hogan, attorney representing 72 school districts named as plaintiffs, said the offer does not come close to complying with the decision. Thirty million dollars builds about 4 schools a year in Arizona, he explained. The offer is being contested because it still has a heavy reliance on roperty tax and only adds funding to bottom end schools. Hogan said if the state government fails to distribute money to the schools by the deadline of next summer, kids will be the big losers. What is disappointing to me is that our willingness to cooperate in this effort has not led to complete reform, he added. While Hogan hopes the court turns down the request for approval, representatives from the governors office say the current offer satisfies the courts decision. C. Diane Bishop, former Arizona superintendent of public instruction and now an adviser to Symington, said the current offer combined with a cap on spending for high wealth districts will bring disparities down toa satisfactory level. Equality was not an issue in the decision, she added. A solution where some disparities still exists is acceptable according to the ruling. As the State of Arizona hammers out the resolution to its school finance problem, the rest of the nation looks on with both fear and excitement. The uncharted territory of school finance reform causes activists and bureaucrats alike to shudder as they attempt to redesign systems that have been in lace for decades. And as many find out, victory in the courts is followed by the lengthy and sometimes defeating process of policy-making. Solutions for Today At the center of such policy-making lies the inescapable definition of standards. At what level do states have to fund education to make it efficient? How are such levels determined? John Augenblick, a Denver consultant who has worked in school finance system reform for the past 20 years, said the standards that work the best focus on the needs of students instead of the amount of money available to fund education. Foundation levels are typically politically determined based on funding available, he continued. States need to develop target levels with more information than available revenue. Augenblick said more states are setting objectives for education rather than setting goals based on resources available. We see states setting objectives and creating measurement systems to see if goals are being met, he said. Then funding is sought based on meeting those goals. Sighting recent school reform legislation in Mississippi, Augenblick said that states success lies in the trategy pursued in defining standards. Mississippis goal was to have all school districts accredited at the highest levels based on a series of outcomes, Augenbli ck continued. The funding spent on students in districts that were achieving these levels were then used in developing the standards for the rest of the state. He said while there is much work left to be done, the future of school financing does hold promise. There has been improvement and states are now building systems that are standing up in the courts, Augenblick added. One of the states he said provides the ost secure example of school finance reform is Kentucky. In Council for Better Education v. collins, NO. 85-Cl-1759, slip op. at 11 (Franklin cty. Ct. , KY. May 31, 1988), the Kentucky Supreme Court not only ruled the school funding system unconstitutional, but went on to declare the entire state school system unconstitutional. Chiet Justice Robert Stevens, who wrote the majority opinion in the case, said the evidence compelled the court to go beyond the funding issue. Although the original lawsuit dealt only with financial inequity, it became obvious that the whole system needed reform, he said. Indeed, the evidence was compelling. At the time of the case, Kentucky ranked 50th in the nation in adult literacy and high school completion, 49th in the number of four-year college graduates and 48th in spending on elementary education. In 1990 the state passed the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA). Since then the state has completely revamped its methods of instruction. The results hold promise. Teachers salaries have increased 28 percent statewide. According to state records, student performance in reading, writing, mathematics, science and social studies increased 9 percent between 1992 and 1994. It is going to take more than eight or nine years to undo what it took 100 years to build, Justice Stevens added. But the system is a great deal better than it was. Kentucky legislators said the 22 percent increase in taxes necessary to pay for KERA was accepted by Kentuckians because of the seriousness of the disparities. Michael Maloney, a former Kentucky legislator involved in KERA, said while there was some objection to the bill when it was being considered, the majority of the state viewed it as necessary. No legislator who voted or the tax increase was defeated on that issue in the next election, he said. As lon g as the voters knew that the money was going to public education, they were for it. Jack Moreland, former superintendent of the Dayton Kentucky Independent School District, said the state now has a clear sense of where the education system will be heading. We have a defined twenty-year road map which sets precise goals and lays out how the goals will be reached, he explained. Those familiar with KERA caution that the full impact will not be felt until an entire group of students start and finish nder the program. But if the initial information is any indication, the states reform package is achieving change other states may grow to envy. While the Kentucky solution shows the possibilities of education finance reform, the current situation in states like Colorado shows Just how far finance reform has yet to go. Rapid growth in the state has brought over 100,000 new students into Colorado, while a lack of increased funding has caused per-pupil expenditures to drop. Colorado Bill H. C. R. 1004 makes it difficult to increase funding in the states school districts. A cap rohibits the legislature from raising spending more than six percent annually. This makes it impossible for schools to keep up with the growth in enrollment and inflation. Phil Fox, associate director of the Colorado Association of School Executives, said the current situation will drive the quality of education down in a time when the economy is flourishing. We are choking on our own success, he continued. The growth is going to make schools increasingly dependent on the state for funding at a time when the legislature is limiting what they can do for students. As the state egislature struggles to find a solution, few see one on the horizon. A proposal to end school reliance on property taxes failed to win approval from the legislature in the first session of 1997. Activists point out that certain language in the state constitution make successful litigation in Colorado difficult. Fox said Colorado might take years to resolve the finance problem in their state. School reform has never been for the short winded, he added. If Foxs analogy is correct, many states are coming up for air The Illinois Legislature killed Senate Bill 645, which would nave decreased a eliance on property taxes for public school funding and set up a system to equalize school funding through other tax sources. Indeed, the road to reaching school funding solutions is a long process. For Rodriguez, the process brings frustration. l get angry when I think that our country can spend billions in aid on other nations while our kids receive low quality education, he said. The next generation will suffer if we fail to take action today,